Site-Specific Analysis of Core and Antenna Fucosylation on Serum Glycoproteins.

Fucosylation is an important structural feature of glycans and plays an essential role in the regulation of glycoprotein functions. Fucosylation can be classified into core- (CF) and antenna-fucosylation (AF, also known as (sialyl-) Lewis) based on the location on N-glycans, and they perform distinct biological functions. In this study, core- and antenna-fucosylated N-glycans on human serum glycoproteins that hold great clinical application values were systematically characterized at the site-specific level using StrucGP combined with the recently developed fucosylation assignment method. The results showed that fucosylation was widely distributed on serum glycoproteins, with 50% of fucosylated glycopeptides modified by AF N-glycans, 37% by CF N-glycans, and 13% by dual-fucosylated N-glycans. Interestingly, CF and AF N-glycans preferred to modify different groups of serum glycoproteins with different tissue origins and were involved in distinctive biological processes. Specifically, AF N-glycoproteins are mainly from the liver and participated in complement activation, blood coagulation, and endopeptidase activities, while CF N-glycoproteins originate from diverse tissues and are mainly involved in cell adhesion and signaling transduction. These data further enhanced our understanding of fucosylation on circulation glycoproteins.

Structural variety of glucans from Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies.

Ganoderma lucidum, widely used in traditional medicine, has several biological properties. Polysaccharides, mainly glucans, are known as one of its main bioactive compounds. Consequently, the achievement and chemical investigation of such molecules are of pharmaceutical interest. Herein, we obtained water-insoluble and water-soluble polysaccharides from G. lucidum by alkaline extraction. Fractionation process yielded three fractions (GLC-1, GLC-2, and GLC-3). All samples showed to be composed mainly of glucans. GLC-1 is a linear (1 â†’ 3)-linked ß-glucan; GLC-2 is a mixture of three different linear polysaccharides: (1 â†’ 3)-ß-glucan, (1 â†’ 3)-α-glucan, and (1 â†’ 4)-α-mannan; while GLC-3 is a branched ß-glucan with a (1 â†’ 4)-linked main chain, which is branched at O-3 or O-6 by (1 â†’ 3)- or (1 â†’ 6)-linked side chains. This research reports the variability of glucans in Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies and applicable methodologies to obtain such molecules. These polysaccharides can be further applied in biological studies aiming to investigate how their chemical differences may affect their biological properties.

Multinozzle Emitter for Improved Negative Mode Analysis of Reduced Native N-Glycans by Microflow Porous Graphitized Carbon Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry.

Microflow porous graphitized carbon liquid chromatography (PGC-LC) combined with negative mode ionization mass spectrometry (MS) provides high resolution separation and identification of reduced native N-glycan structural isomers. However, insufficient spray quality and low ionization efficiency of N-glycans present challenges for negative mode electrospray. Here, we evaluated the performance of a recently developed multinozzle electrospray source (MnESI) and accompanying M3 emitter for microflow PGC-LC-MS analysis of N-glycans in negative mode. In comparison to a standard electrospray ionization source, the MnESI with an M3 emitter improves signal intensity, identification, quantification, and resolution of structural isomers to accommodate low-input samples.

[Analysis and prospect of correlation between relative molecular weight and efficacy of polysaccharides from medicinal plant resources].

Polysaccharides from medicinal plant resources are a kind of polymers extracted from medicinal plants. They are complex long chains formed by different monosaccharides connected via glucosidic bonds. These polysaccharides usually have straight chain and branched chain structures, and their relative molecular weight changes greatly. Modern studies have shown that the biological activi-ty of polysaccharides from medicinal plant resources is closely related to their relative molecular weight. This paper first reviewed the preparation and detection methods of polysaccharides from medicinal plant resources with different relative molecular weights. Then, the paper summarized and analyzed the general experience of the correlation between efficacy and relative molecular weight of polysaccharides from medicinal plant resources with different molecular weights. It was considered that polysaccharides with large relative molecular weights(>100 kDa) play a leading role in immune regulation. Polysaccharides with medium relative molecular weights(10-100 kDa) play a leading role in immune regulation and the protection of the liver. Polysaccharides with small relative molecular weights(<10 kDa) play a leading role in anti-oxidation, regulation of intestinal flora, regulation of blood glucose and lipids, anti-fatigue, and the protection of nerves. Therefore, precise development of polysaccharides from medicinal plant resources based on relative molecular weight is expected to improve their biological activity and application value.

Isolation, Purification, Fractionation, and Hepatoprotective Activity of Polygonatum Polysaccharides.

In this study, three homogeneous fractions, PSP-N-b-1, PSP-N-b-2, and PSP-N-c-1, were obtained from an aqueous extract of Polygonatum using DEAE cellulose column chromatography, CL-6B agarose gel chromatography, and Sephadex G100 chromatography. Their monosaccharide compositions and molecular weights were analyzed. The results revealed that PSP-N-b-1, PSP-N-b-2, and PSP-N-c-1 are primarily composed of six monosaccharides: Man (mannose), GlcA (glucuronic acid), Rha (rhamnose), GalA (galacturonic acid), Glc (glucose), and Ara (arabinose), with molecular weights of 6.3 KDa, 5.78 KDa, and 3.45 KDa, respectively. Furthermore, we observed that Polygonatum polysaccharides exhibited protective effects against CCL4-induced liver damage in HepG2 cells in vitro, operating through both anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Our research findings suggest that Polygonatum polysaccharides may emerge as a promising option in the development of hepatoprotective drugs or functional foods with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Effects of Ethanol Concentrations on Primary Structural and Bioactive Characteristics of Dendrobium officinale Polysaccharides.

Ethanol fractional precipitation can initially separate polysaccharides according to the structure, which exhibits strong correlation with the biological activities. This study aimed to investigate the impact of varying ethanol concentrations on the structural characteristics, and the antitumor and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides derived from Dendrobium officinale through ethanol fractional precipitation, as well as their internal relationships. The polysaccharides acquired by absolute alcohol additions at a final liquor-ethanol volume ratio of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4 were named DOP-1, DOP-2, and DOP-4, and the supernatant was named DOP-S. The results of the structural analysis revealed that the increase in ethanol concentrations resulted in a reduction in the molecular weights and the acetylation degree of the polysaccharides, as well as a decrease in mannose content and an increase in glucose content. In vitro experiments demonstrated that DOP-S exhibited optimal antitumor and antioxidant activities. Animal experiments further confirmed that DOP-S suppressed the growth of solid tumors significantly, enhanced lymphocytes, mediated immune ability, and improved the activity of antioxidant enzymes. These findings would establish a theoretical foundation and provide technical support for further advances and applications of polysaccharides derived from D. officinale in the fields of food and medicine.

Biphasic Fermentation of Trapa bispinosa Shells by Ganoderma sinense and Characterization of Its Polysaccharides and Alcoholic Extract and Analysis of Their Bioactivity.

BACKGROUND: Trapa bispinosa shells (TBs) and its flesh (TBf) have been recognized for their medicinal properties, including antioxidant, antitumor, and immunomodulatory effects. Despite these benefits, TBs are often discarded as waste material, and their applications remain to be further explored. METHODS: In this study, we optimized the solid-state fermentation process of Ganoderma sinense (GS) with TBs using a response surface experiment methodology to obtain the fermented production with the highest water extract rate and DPPH free radical scavenging activity. We prepared and characterized pre-fermentation purified polysaccharides (P1) and post-fermentation purified polysaccharides (P2). Alcoholic extracts before (AE1) and after (AE2) fermentation were analyzed for active components such as polyphenols and flavonoids using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS (ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry). Mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7) were employed to compare the immune-stimulating ability of polysaccharides and the antioxidant activity of AE1 and AE2. RESULTS: Optimal fermentation conditions comprised a duration of 2 days, a temperature of 14 °C, and a humidity of 77%. The peak water extract yield and DPPH free radical scavenging rate of the water extract from TBs fermented by GS were observed under these conditions. The enhanced activity may be attributed to changes in the polysaccharide structure and the components of the alcoholic extract. The P2 treatment group indicated more secretion of RAW 264.7 cells of NO, iNOS, IL-2, IL-10, and TNF-α than P1, which shows that the polysaccharides demonstrated increased immune-stimulating ability, with their effect linked to the NF-кB pathway. Moreover, the results of the AE2 treatment group indicated that secretion of RAW 264.7 cells of T-AOC and T-SOD increased and MDA decreased, which shows that the alcoholic extract demonstrated enhanced antioxidant activity, with its effect linked to the Nrf2/Keap1-ARE pathway. CONCLUSIONS: Biphasic fermentation of Trapa bispinosa shells by Ganoderma sinense could change the composition and structure of the polysaccharides and the composition of the alcoholic extract, which could increase the products' immunomodulatory and antioxidant activity.

Structural Characterization and Immunoenhancing Properties of Polysaccharide CPTM-P1 from Taxus media.

Polysaccharides extracted from Taxus media hrough an aqueous method were further refined by removing proteins via the Sevag technique and purified by dialysis. The separation of these polysaccharides was accomplished using a DEAE-cellulose chromatog-raphy column, yielding two distinct fractions, named CPTM-P1 and CPTM-P2. Notably, CPTM-P1 emerged as the primary polysaccharide component within Taxus media. Consequently, a comprehensive analysis focusing exclusively on CPTM-P1 was undertaken. The molecular weight of CPTM-P1 was established through gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and its monosaccharide composition was deciphered using HPLC-MS. The structure was further elucidated through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The molecular weight of CPTM-P1 was determined to be 968.7 kDa. The monosaccharide composition consisted of galactose (Gal), arabinose (Ara), galacturonic acid (Gal-UA), glucose (Glc), rhamnose (Rha), xylose (Xyl), mannose (Man), fucose (Fuc), glucuronic acid (Glc-UA), and ribose (Rib). The proportional distribution of these components was 30.53%, 22.00%, 5.63%, 11.67%, 11.93%, 1.69%, 8.50%, 1.23%, 5.63%, and 1.17%, respectively. This confirmed CPTM-P1 as an acidic heteropolysaccharide with a glycuronic acid backbone. Moreover, CPTM-P1 showed immunoenhancing properties, effectively augmenting the secretion of nitric oxide and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6). Additionally, it significantly enhances the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 cells. These findings underscore the potential application of these polysaccharides in functional foods and pharmaceuticals, providing a solid scientific basis for further exploration and utilization of Taxus media polysaccharides.

A new perspective on structural characterisation and immunomodulatory activity of arabinogalactan in Larix kaempferi from Qinling Mountains.

In this study, crude polysaccharide (LAG-C) and homogeneous arabinogalactan (LAG-W) were isolated from Qinling Larix kaempferi of Shaanxi Province. Bioactivity assays showed that LAG-W and LAG-C enhanced the phagocytic ability, NO secretion, acid phosphatase activity, and cytokine production (IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNF-α) of RAW264.7 macrophages. Notably, LAG-W exhibited a significantly stronger immunomodulatory effect than LAG-C. The primary structure of LAG-W was characterised by chemical methods (monosaccharide composition, methylation analysis, and alkali treatment) and spectroscopic techniques (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and 1D/2D nuclear magnetic resonance). LAG-W was identified as a 22.08 kilodaltons (kDa) neutral polysaccharide composed of arabinose and galactose at a 1:7.5 molar ratio. Its backbone consisted of repeated →3)-ß-Galp-(1→ residues. Side chains, connected at the O-6 position, were mainly composed of T-ß-Galp-(1→ and T-ß-Galp-(1→6)-ß-Galp-(1→ residues. And it also contained small amounts of T-ß-Arap-(1→, T-α-Araf-(1→6)-ß-Galp-(1→6)-ß-Galp-(1→, and T-α-Araf-(1→3)-α-Araf-(1→6)-ß-Galp-(1→ residues. By structurally and functionally characterising L. kaempferi polysaccharides, this study opens the way for the valorisation of this species.

Extraction, purification, structural characteristics, bioactivity and potential applications of polysaccharides from Avena sativa L.: A review.

Avena sativa L. (A. sativa L.), commonly known as oat, is a significant cereal grain crop with excellent edible and medicinal value. Oat polysaccharides (OPs), the major bioactive components of A. sativa L., have received considerable attention due to their beneficial bioactivities. However, the isolation and purification methods of OPs lack innovation, and the structure-activity relationship remains unexplored. This review emphatically summarized recent progress in the extraction and purification methods, structural characteristics, biological activities, structure-to-function associations and the potential application status of OPs. Different materials and isolation methods can result in the differences in the structure and bioactivity of OPs. OPs are mainly composed of various monosaccharide constituents, including glucose, arabinose and mannose, along with galactose, xylose and rhamnose in different molar ratios and types of glycosidic bonds. OPs exhibited a broad molecular weight distribution, ranging from 1.34 × 105 Da to 4.1 × 106 Da. Moreover, structure-activity relationships demonstrated that the monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, linkage types, and chemical modifications are closely related to their multiple bioactivities, including immunomodulatory activity, antioxidant effect, anti-inflammatory activity, antitumor effects etc. This work can provide comprehensive knowledge, update information and promising directions for future exploitation and application of OPs as therapeutic agents and multifunctional food additives.

Site-Specific Conjugation of Native Antibody: Transglutaminase-Mediated Modification of a Conserved Glutamine While Maintaining the Primary Sequence and Core Fc Glycan via Trimming with an Endoglycosidase.

A versatile chemo-enzymatic tool to site-specifically modify native (nonengineered) antibodies is using transglutaminase (TGase, E.C. 2.3.2.13). With various amines as cosubstrates, this enzyme converts the unsubstituted side chain amide of glutamine (Gln or Q) in peptides and proteins into substituted amides (i.e., conjugates). A pleasant surprise is that only a single conserved glutamine (Gln295) in the Fc region of IgG is modified by microbial TGase (mTGase, EC 2.3.2.13), thereby providing a highly specific and generally applicable conjugation method. However, prior to the transamidation (access to the glutamine residue by mTGase), the steric hindrance from the nearby conserved N-glycan (Asn297 in IgG1) must be reduced. In previous approaches, amidase (PNGase F, EC 3.5.1.52) was used to completely remove the N-glycan. However, PNGase F also converts a net neutral asparagine (Asn297) to a negatively charged aspartic acid (Asp297). This charge alteration may markedly change the structure, function, and immunogenicity of an IgG antibody. In contrast, in our new method presented herein, the N-glycan is trimmed by an endoglycosidase (EndoS2, EC 3.2.1.96), hence retaining both the core N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) moiety and the neutral asparaginyl amide. The trimmed glycan also reduces or abolishes Fc receptor-mediated functions, which results in better imaging agents by decreasing nonspecific binding to other cells (e.g., immune cells). Moreover, the remaining core glycan allows further derivatization such as glycan remodeling and dual conjugation. Practical and robust, our method generates conjugates in near quantitative yields, and both enzymes are commercially available.

Circular economyeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a sustainable source of glucans and its safety for skincare application.

Glucans, a polysaccharide naturally present in the yeast cell wall that can be obtained from side streams generated during the fermentation process, have gained increasing attention for their potential as a skin ingredient. Therefore, this study focused on the extraction method to isolate and purify water-insoluble glucans from two different Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains: an engineered strain obtained from spent yeast in an industrial fermentation process and a wild strain produced through lab-scale fermentation. Two water-insoluble extracts with a high glucose content (> 90 %) were achieved and further subjected to a chemical modification using carboxymethylation to improve their water solubility. All the glucans' extracts, water-insoluble and carboxymethylated, were structurally and chemically characterized, showing almost no differences between both yeast-type strains. To ensure their safety for skin application, a broad safety assessment was undertaken, and no cytotoxic effect, immunomodulatory capacity (IL-6 and IL-8 regulation), genotoxicity, skin sensitization, and impact on the skin microbiota were observed. These findings highlight the potential of glucans derived from spent yeast as a sustainable and safe ingredient for cosmetic and skincare formulations, contributing to the sustainability and circular economy.

Characterization and structural identification of a family 16 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM): First structural insights into porphyran-binding CBM.

Porphyran is a favorable functional polysaccharide widely distributed in Porphyra. It displays a linear structure majorly constituted by alternating 1,4-linked α-l-galactopyranose-6-sulfate (L6S) and 1,3-linked ß-d-galactopyranose (G) units. Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) are desired tools for the investigation and application of polysaccharides, including in situ visualization, on site and specific assay, and functionalization of biomaterials. However, only one porphyran-binding CBM has been hitherto reported, and its structural knowledge is lacking. Herein, a novel CBM16 family domain from a marine bacterium Aquimarina sp. BL5 was discovered and expressed. The recombinant protein AmCBM16 exhibited the desired specificity for porphyran. Bio-layer interferometry assay revealed that the protein binds to porphyran tetrasaccharide (L6S-G)2 with an association constant of 1.3 × 103 M-1. The structure of AmCBM16 was resolved by the X-ray crystallography, which displays a ß-sandwich fold with two antiparallel ß-sheets constituted by 10 ß-strands. Site-directed mutagenesis analysis demonstrated that the residues Gly-30, Trp-31, Lys-88, Lys-123, Phe-125, and Phe-127 play dominant roles in AmCBM16 binding. This study provides the first structural insights into porphyran-binding CBM.

Extraction, structure and bioactivities of polysaccharide from root of Arctium lappa L.: A review.

Arctium lappa L. root is a well-known Chinese medicine with high medicinal and food values. Arctium lappa L. root polysaccharide (ALP), as the main component and bioactive substance, has a variety of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antithrombotic, immunomodulatory activity and improvement of intestinal flora. The biological activities of polysaccharides are closely related to their structures, and different extraction and purification methods will yield different polysaccharide structures. As a kind of natural polysaccharide, ALP has a broad application prospect in drug carrier. In this paper, we reviewed the research progress on the extraction, purification, structural characterization, biological activities, structure-activity relationship and drug carrier application of ALP, in order to provide basic reference for the development and application of medical and health care value. At the same time, the shortcomings of ALP research are discussed in depth, and the potential development prospect and future research direction are prospected.

Isolation, purification, and structural characterization of polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula and its therapeutic effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in vitro and in vivo.

Codonopsis pilosula is a famous edible and medicinal plants, in which polysaccharides are recognized as one of the important active ingredients. A neutral polysaccharide (CPP-1) was purified from C. pilosula. The structure was characterized by HPSEC-MALLS-RID, UV, FT-IR, GC-MS, methylation analysis, and NMR. The results showed that CPP-1 was a homogeneous pure polysaccharide, mainly containing fructose and glucose, and a small amount of arabinose. Methylation analysis showed that CPP-1 composed of →1)-Fruf-(2→, Fruf-(1→ and Glcp-(1→ residues. Combined the NMR results the structure of CPP-1 was confirmed as α-D-Glcp-(1 â†’ [2)-ß-D-Fruf-(1 â†’ 2)-ß-D-Fruf-(1]26 â†’ 2)-ß-D-Fruf with the molecular weight of 4.890 × 103 Da. The model of AML12 hepatocyte fat damage was established in vitro. The results showed that CPP-1 could increase the activity of SOD and CAT antioxidant enzymes and reduce the content of MDA, thus protecting cells from oxidative damage. Subsequently, the liver protective effect of CPP-1 was studied in the mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced by the high-fat diet. The results showed that CPP-1 significantly reduced the body weight, liver index, and body fat index of NAFLD mice, and significantly improved liver function. Therefore, CPP-1 should be a potential candidate for the treatment of NAFLD.

Structure of a polysaccharide MDP2-1 from Melastoma dodecandrum Lour. and its anti-inflammatory effects.

The anti-inflammatory activity of polysaccharides derived from Melastoma dodecandrum Lour. was evaluated in pyretic mice and HEK-Blue™ hTLR4 cells. The testing led to the identification of MDP2-1, which was then investigated for its structural characteristics and anti-inflammatory effects. Results showed that MDP2-1 had a molecular weight of 29.234 kDa and primarily consisted of galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, glucose, glucuronic acid, and galacturonic acid. Its main backbone was composed of →4)-α-D-GalpA-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, →3,4)-α-D-GalpA-(1→, →2,4)-α-D-GlcpA-(1→, and its side chains were connected by →4)-α-D-Galp-(1→, α-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-ß-D-Glcp-(1→, and α-L-Araf-(1→. In vivo experiments on mice demonstrated that MDP2-1 attenuated LPS-induced acute lung injury, and in vitro experiments on RAW264.7 cells showed that MDP2-1 reduced the levels of inflammatory mediators and mitigated LPS-induced inflammatory damage by inhibiting the activation of the TLR4 downstream NF-κB/MAPK pathway. These findings suggest that MDP2-1 is a novel anti-inflammatory agent for therapeutic interventions.

Preparation, characterization and cytotoxicity assessment of a novel selenized polysaccharide from Morchella sextelata.

Selenylation modification has been widely developed to improve the biological effects of natural polysaccharides. In this study, a purified new polysaccharide (MSP-4) was isolated from Morchella Sextelata, and selenized into SeMSP-4 using the HNO3-Na2SeO3 method. The selenium (Se) content of SeMSP-4 was 101.81 ± 9.90 mg/kg, and the molecular weight of SeMSP-4 was 1.23 × 105 Da. The FT-IR, XRD and AFM results showed that MSP-4 was successfully combined with the Se element. The structure characters of SeMSP-4 were analyzed by methylation analysis combined with 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. And, the radical scavenging test revealed that SeMSP-4 exhibited higher antioxidant capacities in vitro than MSP-4. The cytotoxicity analysis indicated that SeMSP-4 could dose-dependently inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 and HeLa cells, but did not show a cytotoxic effect on normal cells (HEK293). Furthermore, SeMSP-4 stimulation significantly increased the macrophage viability and enhanced NO production in macrophage cells. This study suggested that SeMSP-4 could be utilized as a potential selenium source with antioxidant, antitumor, and immunostimulatory activities.

A state-of-the-art review on plant-derived cellulose-based green hydrogels and their multifunctional role in advanced biomedical applications.

The most prevalent carbohydrate on Earth is cellulose, a polysaccharide composed of glucose units that may be found in diverse sources, such as cell walls of wood and plants and some bacterial and algal species. The inherent availability of this versatile material provides a natural pathway for exploring and identifying novel uses. This study comprehensively analyzes cellulose and its derivatives, exploring their structural and biochemical features and assessing their wide-ranging applications in tissue fabrication, surgical dressings, and pharmaceutical delivery systems. The use of diverse cellulose particles as fundamental components gives rise to materials with distinct microstructures and characteristics, fulfilling the requirements of various biological applications. Although cellulose boasts substantial potential across various sectors, its exploration has predominantly unfolded within industrial realms, leaving the biomedical domain somewhat overlooked in its initial stages. This investigation, therefore, endeavors to shed light on the contemporary strides made in synthesizing cellulose and its derivatives. These innovative techniques give rise to distinctive attributes, presenting a treasure trove of advantages for their compelling integration into the intricate tapestry of biomedical applications.

In vitro digestive properties of Dictyophora indusiata polysaccharide by steam explosion pretreatment methods.

Dictyophora indusiata is medicinal and edible fungi containing various nutrients. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficient extraction and structural evolution of Dictyophora indusiata polysaccharide during the vitro digestion based on steam explosion pretreatment methods. In this study, the extraction rate of Dictyophora indusiata polysaccharide was optimized by steam explosion pretreatment methods, which was 2.46 folds that of the water extraction method. In addition, the digestion and fermentation properties of Dictyophora indusiata polysaccharide before and after steam explosion were evaluated in vitro by the changes of molecular weights, total and reducing sugars levels, surface morphology and functional groups, which showed that the structure of Dictyophora indusiata polysaccharide remained stable after salivary-gastric digestion, and partially entered the large intestine, where it could be utilized by gut microbiota. Dictyophora indusiata polysaccharide promoted the increase of beneficial bacteria Megamonas and increased the content of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid, which was 2.17, 2.81, 2.43 folds that of the CON group after fermentation for 24 h, and 1.87, 2.77, 1.90 folds that of the CON group after fermentation for 48 h, respectively. This study will provide theoretical basis for the high value utilization of Dictyophora indusiata polysaccharide.

A review on extraction, purification, structural characteristics, biological activities, applications of polysaccharides from Hovenia dulcis Thunb. (Guai Zao).

Hovenia dulcis Thunb. (H. dulcis) is a widely distributed plant with a long history of cultivation and consumption. As a common plant, it has economic, edible and medicinal value. H. dulcis polysaccharides are one of their main bioactive ingredients and have many health benefits, such as anti-diabetes, antioxidation, anti-glycosylation, anti-fatigue, immune regulation activities and alcoholic liver disease protection activity. In this paper, the research progress of H. dulcis polysaccharides in extraction, purification, structural characteristics, biological activities, existing and potential applications were reviewed, which could provide new valuable insights for future studies.